
SI defines a number of SI prefixes to be used with the units: these combine with any unit name to give subdivisions and multiples. As an example, the prefix kilo denotes a multiple of a thousand, so the kilometre is 1000 metres, the kilogram is 1000 grams, a kilowatt is 1,000 watts, and so on. The prefix milli subdivides by a thousand, so a millimetre is one-thousandth of a metre (1000 millimetres in a metre), and a millilitre is one-thousandth of a litre.
The prefixes are never combined; a millionth of a kilogram is a milligram, and not a 'microkilogram'. The ability to apply the same prefixes to any SI unit is one of the key strengths of the SI, since it considerably simplifies the system's learning and use.
The following SI prefixes can be used to prefix any of the above units to produce a multiple or submultiple of the original unit. This includes the degree Celsius (e.g. "1.2 m°C"); however, to avoid confusion, prefixes are not used with the time-related unit symbols min (minute), h (hour), d (day). They are not recommended for use with the angle-related symbols ° (degree), ' (minute of arc), and " (second of arc)[1], but for astronomical usage, they are sometimes used with seconds of arc.
See also: Non-SI unit prefixes
Examples:
5 cm = 5 × 10−2 m = 5 × 0.01 m = 0.05 m
3 MW = 3 × 106 W = 3 × 1 000 000 W = 3 000 000 W
Prefixes cannot be combined: for example 10−9 metre must be written as 1 nm, not as 1 mµm.
The prefix always takes precedence over any exponentiation; thus "km²" means square kilometre and not kilo–square metre. For example, 3 km² is equal to 3 000 000 m² and not to 3000 m² (nor to 9 000 000 m²). Thus the SI prefixes provide steps of a factor one million instead of one thousand in the case of an exponent 2, of a billion in the case of an exponent 3, etc. As a result large numbers may be needed, even if the prefixes are fully used.
Prefixes where the exponent is divisible by three are recommended. Hence "100 m" rather than "1 hm". Notable exceptions include centimetre, hectare (hecto-are), centilitre, cubic decimetre (equivalent to one litre), hectopascal, and decibel (one-tenth of a bel).
The obsolete prefixes myria- and myrio- were dropped before SI was adopted in 1960, probably because they do not fit this pattern, no symbol was available (M, m and µ already being used), and were rarely used anyway.
Double prefixes such as those formerly used in micromicrofarads (picofarads), hectokilometres (100 kilometres), and millimicrons or micromillimetres (both nanometres) were also dropped with the introduction of the SI.
The kilogram stands out among all SI base units as the only one that has a prefix. It is derived from the mass of an actual object. The gram is defined as 1/1000 of this object's mass.
Though in principle legal, most combinations of prefixes with quantities are very rarely used, even in a scientific or engineering context:
Mass: hectogram, gram, milligram, microgram, and smaller are common. However, megagram or larger are rarely used; tonnes or scientific notation are used instead. Megagram is sometimes used to disambiguate the (metric) tonne from the various (non-metric) tons.
Volume in litres: litre, decilitre, centilitre, millilitre, microlitre, and smaller are common. Larger volumes are sometimes denoted in hectolitres; otherwise in cubic metres or cubic kilometres. In Australia, large quantities of water are measured in kilolitres and megalitres.
Length: kilometre, metre, decimetre, centimetre, millimetre, and smaller are common. megametre, gigametre, and larger are rarely used. Often used are astronomical units, light years, and parsecs; the astronomical unit is mentioned in the SI standards as an accepted non-SI unit
Time: second, millisecond, microsecond, and shorter are common. The kilosecond and megasecond also have some use, though for these and longer times one usually uses either scientific notation or minutes, hours, and so on.
† Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand previously used the long scale number name conventions, but have now at least partly switched to the short scale usage. Note in particular that above a million and below a millionth, the same name has different values in the two naming systems, so billion and trillion (for example) become unfortunately potentially ambiguous terms internationally. Using the SI prefixes can circumvent this problem.
Pronunciation
The accepted English pronunciation of the initial G of giga was once soft, /ˈdʒaɪgə/ (like gigantic), but now the hard pronunciation, /ˈgɪgə/ (like giggle), is significantly more common. However, both pronunciations are likely to be understood by most English speakers, though the second is likely to be preferred.
Use outside SI
The symbol "K" is often used to mean a multiple of a thousand, so one may talk of "a 40K salary" (40,000), or the Y2K problem. Note that in these cases an upper case K is often used, although it should be noted that using an uppercase K is never correct when writing under the rules of the SI. Also, it is often used as a prefix to designate the binary prefix kilo = 210 = 1024.
Non-SI units
Prefixes go back to the introduction of the metric system in the 1790s, long before the SI was introduced in 1960. The prefixes (including those introduced after the introduction of SI) are used with any metric units, SI or not (e.g. millidynes).
SI prefixes rarely appear coupled with imperial units except in some specialised cases (e.g. microinches, kilofeet).
They are also used with other specialized units used in particular fields (e.g. megaelectronvolts, gigaparsecs).
They are also occasionally used with currency units (e.g., gigadollar), mainly by people who are familiar with the prefixes from scientific usage.
Computing
Main article: Binary prefix
The prefixes K and greater are common in computing, where they are applied to information and storage units like the bit and the byte. Since 210 = 1024, and 103 = 1000, this led to the SI prefix letters being used to denote "binary" powers. Although these are incorrect usages according to the SI standards it seems common to apply base 10 prefixes, when relating to computers, as follows:
K
= 210 = 1,024
M
= 220 = 1,048,576
G
= 230 = 1,073,741,824
T
= 240 = 1,099,511,627,776
P
= 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624.
However, these prefixes usually retain their powers-of-1000 meanings when used to describe rates of data transmission (bit rates): 10 Mbit/s Ethernet runs at 10,000,000 bit/s, not 10,485,760 bit/s. The problem is compounded by the fact that the units of information (the bit and the byte) are not part of SI, where the bit, byte, octet, baud or symbol rate would rather be given in hertz. Although some use "bit" for the bit and "b" for the byte, "b" is often used for bit and "B" for byte instead. (In SI, B stands for the bel, although its sub-unit, the decibel ("dB"), is almost universally used instead, preventing confusion between the symbols.) It is recommended by several standards bodies to use bit and B to keep the units very distinct, as in kbit or MiB. French-speaking countries often use "o" for "octet", nowadays a synonym for byte, but this is unacceptable in SI because of the risk of confusion with the zero.
Consequently, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) adopted new binary prefixes in 1998, formed from the first syllable of the decimal prefix plus 'bi' (pronounced 'bee'). The symbol is the decimal symbol plus 'i'. So now, one kilobyte (1 kB) equals 1000 bytes, whereas one kibibyte (1 KiB) equals 210 = 1024 bytes. Likewise mebi (Mi; 220), gibi (Gi; 230), tebi (Ti; 240), pebi (Pi; 250), and exbi (Ei; 260). Although the IEC standard does not mention them, the sequence can be readily extended to zebi (Zi; 270) and yobi (Yi; 280). The adoption of these prefixes has been very limited.
Proposed extensions
Continuing backwards in the alphabet, after zetta and yotta, proposals for the next large number include xenta and xona (among others), the latter as an alteration of the Latin-derived numerical prefix nona-, and the next small number would also start with an x.
Preserving the rule on abbreviating the prefixes (a Latin capital for the large number and a lower-case letter for the small number), even without consensus on the full name the following prefix symbols could be used without ambiguity: X, W, V, x, w, v. The logically next small prefix symbol, "u", is the accepted substitution for "µ" (ISO 2955), the symbol for "micro".
However, even some official prefixes may not be understood by all readers, let alone extrapolations of them, so giving an explanation is advisable when using them in communication (as opposed to using them in notes for oneself).
Another proposal for xenta/xona is novetta, from the Italian nove. This does not have the convenience of backward alphabetic order.
There are also proposals for further harmonization of the capitalisation. Therefore the symbols for deka, hecto and kilo would be changed from "da", "h" and "k" to "D" or "Da", "H" and "K" respectively. Likewise some lobby for the removal of prefixes that don't fit the 10±3·n scheme, namely hecto, deka, deci and centi. The CGPM has postponed its decision on both matters for now.
An unsolved (and maybe unsolvable) issue is the application of prefixes to units with exponents other than ±1. The prefix is always applied before the exponent currently. In volume measuring, for example, this inconvenience has lead to the continued use of the litre, which is one thousandth cubic metre (0.001 m³) or one cubic decimetre (1 dm³), where it could be handy to call it "one milli-cubic metre" ("1 m(m³)")—one cubic millimetre (mm³) is one thousand millionth of a cubic metre.
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